I'm new to the field of microcontrollers. I need to port an IDE which is compiling programs for AVR microcontrollers to compile programs for ARM microcontrollers. I have just replaced the compiler from AVR to ARM and added some options as told by someone. The following is the command:
\ARM-GCC\bin\arm-none-eabi-gcc -O0 -ffunction-sections -Wall -std=gnu99 -mfloat-abi=soft
-Wa,-adhlns="[email protected]" -fmessage-length=0 -mcpu=cortex-m0 -mthumb -g3 -gdwarf-2 -Wl,
--gc-sections -o <Dir_name>\Build_Files\Blink_arm.cpp.elf <Dir_name>\Build_Files\Blink_arm.cpp.o <Dir_name>\Build_Files\core.a
-L<Dir_name>\Build_Files -lm When I execute it I get the follwing error:
tools/arm-gcc/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.6.2\libc.a(lib_a-exit.o): In function `exit':
exit.c:(.text+0x18): undefined reference to `_exit'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit statusMay I get some help on what is this error and how can I solve it. And also I don't know what those options in the command line specify.
33 Answers
This happens when compiling a file with arm-none-eabi-gcc in one machine/architecture to load it in an ARM target machine. Most probably you are not making use of semihosting, you want to retarget.
ARM® Compiler toolchain Version 4.1 indicates:
Semihosting is a mechanism that enables code running on an ARM target to communicate and use the Input/Output facilities on a host computer that is running a debugger.
From the toolchain's readme.txt (under folder .../gcc-arm-none-eabi-VERSION/share/doc/gcc-arm-none-eabi):
** non-semihosting/retarget
If you are using retarget, linking like: $ arm-none-eabi-gcc --specs=nosys.specs $(OTHER_LINK_OPTIONS)
For me --specs=nosys.specs was enough ;)
Use --specs=nosys.specs:
arm-none-eabi-gcc --specs=nosys.specs $(OTHER_LINK_OPTIONS)Reference:
2I had the same problem. The solution was as follows:
- Add options
-ffreestanding -fltointo compiler call line. - And add options
-flto -ffreestanding -nostdlibinto linker call line.
